Combination therapy for neoplasia treatment

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate neoplasia, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, and particularly CRPC, wherein the antagonist is used in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist. An embodiment of the invention is where the androgen receptor antagonist is enzalutamide.

The present invention relates to the pharmaceutical treatment of neoplasia, including benign and malignant tumors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in males and a leading cause of mortality in western countries (American Cancer Society, 2010 (http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/©epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdf)). Androgens and stimulation of their receptor, androgen receptor (AR), are essential for the development and function of the normal prostate gland, and the development and progression of prostate cancer (reviewed in Basu S et al., Horm Cancer. 2010 October; 1(5):223-8.; Yadav N et al., Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2012 March; 64(1):35-49). For metastatic prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy remains the standard treatment. Despite the fact that initially more than 90% of patients respond to androgen deprivation therapy, the clinical benefits are temporary with tumors becoming refractory and progressing to androgen-independent/castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (Rini B I et al., Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2002 October; 3(5):437-46.; Caries J et al., Clin Transl Oncol. 2012 March; 14(3):169-76). CRPC is associated with continued androgen receptor (AR) activation despite hormonal castration and/or treatment with currently available anti-androgens. The molecular mechanism of androgen stimulation of prostate cancer growth and the switch to androgen independence is not fully clear. The progression to androgen independence may be explained by changes with the androgen receptor, such as amplification, mutations, or altered activity of splice variants. Other possible mechanisms include tumor cell autonomous production of androgens, ligand-independent activation of AR by kinases like ERK or AKT (reviewed in Dutt S S et al., Future Oncol. 2009 November; 5(9):1403-13. and Attar R M et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2009 May 15; 15(10):3251-5) or that androgens may regulate prostate cancer proliferation by up-regulating autocrine loops involving peptide growth factors and their cognate receptors (De Bellis A et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:4148-54.). All these mechanisms could result in independence to endocrine androgens.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can be detected in the vast majority of men as they age (Parsons J K., Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2010 December; 5(4):212-218). BPH can be defined as a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate resulting from a proliferation of both benign stromal, and to a lesser extent, epithelial cells (Foster C S. Prostate 2000; 9:4-14.). In both of these cell types, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone that is 10 times more potent because it dissociates from the androgen receptor more slowly than testosterone, binds to nuclear androgen receptors resulting in the transcription of growth factors that are mitogenic to the epithelial and stromal cells. In the prostate, testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5α-reductase, type 2. In the condition of BPH, local testosterone levels can be elevated more than 100-fold above serum levels leading to an increased availability of DHT (Gat Y et al., Andrologia 2008 October; 40(5):273-81). Therapy with 5α-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride, markedly reduces the DHT content of the prostate and, in turn, reduces prostate volume and, in many cases, BPH symptoms. Androgens are thought to be essential for BPH to occur, but do not seem to be the only cause for the condition.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins may play an important role in understanding the etiology of prostate disease, including BPH. Several lines of evidence support involvement of the IGF axis in BPH. IGF ligands have mitogenic effects on the prostate, while IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are growth inhibitory due to their ability to regulate availability of the IGFs, other growth factors, and steroid hormones (Pollak M N et al, Nat Rev 2004; 4:505-518.). IGFBP3 is secreted at particularly low levels in stromal cells in BPH tissue (Boudon C et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:612-617.) which may favor hyperplastic growth and play a role in the development of BPH. Moreover, acromegalic patients, who have very high levels of IGF1 and concomitantly low levels of testosterone and DHT, present with enlarged prostates and high rates of BPH (Colao A et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:1986-1991; Colao A et al, Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143:61-69.).

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays a key role in stimulating proliferation and survival of both normal tissues and cancers (reviewed in LeRoith D, Roberts C T Jr., Cancer Lett 2003; 195:127-37). High circulating IGF-1 concentrations have been associated with increased risk for prostate cancer in several clinical and epidemiologic studies (Price A J et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 September; 21(9):1531-41; Roddam A W et al., Ann Intern Med 2008; 149(7):461-71). In prostate epithelial cells, increased IGF-1 expression was shown to lead to higher rates of proliferation and/or lower rates of apoptosis (Takahara K et al., Prostate. 2011 April; 71(5):525-37). Loss of imprinting of the IGF-2 locus and increased expression of IGF-2 are observed in many cancers including prostate cancer (Jarrard D F et al., Clinical Cancer Research 1995; 1, 1471-1478.; Fu V X et al., Cancer Research 2008; 68, 6797-6802) and may be related to the risk to develop prostate cancer (Belharazem D et al, Endocrine Connections 2012; 1, 87-94). Furthermore, not only expression of IGF-1 and IGF-2 ligands but also their receptor, IGF-1R, has been shown to be elevated in advanced prostate tumors (Cardillo, M R et al., Anticancer Res. 2003 23, 3825-3835; Liao, Y et al., Hum. Pathol. 2005; 36 (11), 1186-1196; Hellawell G O et al., Cancer Res. 2002 May 15; 62(10):2942-50; Turney B W et al., BJU Int. 2011 May; 107(9):1488-99; Krueckl S L et al., Cancer Res. 2004 Dec. 1; 64(23):8620-9; Figueroa, J A et al., Cancer Invest. 2001; 19 (1), 28-34; Ryan, C J et al., Urol. Oncol. 2007; 25, 134-140). In recurrent and androgen-independent cancer, an increase also in AKT phosphorylation was demonstrated (Graff J R et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 24500-5; Murillo H et al., Endocrinology 2001; 142: 4795-805.).

Castration-resistant prostate cancer has been shown to be sensitive, but not resistant, to sustained manipulation of the androgen/AR axis. The androgen axis can be manipulated using anti-androgens (nilutamide, enzalutamide), androgen synthesis inhibitors (ketonazole, abiraterone acetate), corticosteroids (dexamethasone, prednisone) or estrogen treatment. Following the emergence of castration-refractory disease, taxane-based chemotherapy has been shown to be therapeutically efficacious and prolong survival. Patients progressing on docetaxel have been shown to benefit from abiraterone acetate, a selective cytochrome P450 17A1 inhibitor which requires co-administration with glucocorticoids to curtail side effects. Enzalutamide (MDV-3100) is a novel AR antagonist that blocks AR signaling more effectively than currently available AR antagonists (Tran et al., Science 2009; 324(5928): 787-790.) and has shown impressive antitumor activity and a similar impact on overall survival as abiraterone.

Antagonists to IGF action and their use in cancer therapy have been described in the art. For disclosure of IGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, see WO2009/009016 and WO2010/099139. For disclosure of antibodies against IGF receptor, see WO2002/53596, WO2003/093317, WO2003/106621, WO2006/013472, WO2006/069202. For disclosure of antibodies against IGF ligand, see WO2003/093317, WO2005/028515, WO2007/022172, WO2007/070432, WO2008/155387, WO2009/137758, WO2010/066868. IGF-1 receptor antibodies, WO2008/098917, WO2009/137378) and IGF ligand antibodies (WO2007/118214, WO2008/155387, WO2009/137758, WO2010/066868) have been proposed for use, inter alia, in the treatment of prostate cancer.

The state of the art is also discussed in further publications (Pollak M N et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev 1998; 17:383-90; Djavan B et al., World J Urol 2001; 19:225-33; Wolk A et al., J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:911-5; Jiang Y G et al., Int. J. Urol. 2007; 14:1034-9; Lin H K et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001; 98: 7200-5; Wen Y et al., Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 6841-5; Plymate S R et al., Prostate 2004; 61:276-90; AA Lubik et al., Endocr Relat Cancer ERC-12-0250 2013, first published on 14 January; Nickerson T et al. Cancer Res. 2001; 61 (16), 6276-6280; Pandini G et al., Cancer Res., 2005 March 1; 65; 1849; Bedolla R et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Jul. 1; 13(13):3860-7; Carver B S et al., Cancer Cell 2011 May 17; 19, 575-586; Mulholland D J et al., Cancer Cell, 2011 June 14; 19, 792-804)

Despite advances made in the early detection and treatment of prostate neoplasia, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, and particularly CRPC, there is a significant need for improvements in therapy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Inhibitory Effect of IGF and AR Signaling Blockade on VCaP, MDA PCa 2b and DUCaP Cell Proliferation

VCaP, MDA PCa 2b and DUCaP cells were treated with MDV-3100 and IGF ligand-neutralizing antibodies as single agents and in combination. FIG. 1 shows the inhibitory effect of the IGF mAb_(—)1 (FIG. 1A+1C+1E) and IGF mAb_(—)2 (FIG. 1B+1D+1F) antibodies and MDV-3100, alone and in combination, on the 2D proliferation of prostate cancer-derived VCaP cells (FIG. 1A+1B), MDA PCa 2b cells (FIG. 1C+1D) and DUCaP cells (FIG. 1E+1F) in 10% FCS-containing growth medium. In all three cell lines, single agent treatment with both IGF antibodies and MDV-3100 resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation which could be enhanced by the combination of both agents leading to a complete inhibition of proliferation.

FIG. 2. Inhibitory Effect of IGF Signaling and Androgen Synthesis Blockade on VCaP, MDA PCa 2b and DUCaP Cell Proliferation

FIG. 2 demonstrates the effects of the IGF mAb_(—)1 and IGF mAb_(—)2 antibodies and abiraterone acetate (AA), as single agents and in combination, on the 2D and 3D proliferation of prostate cancer-derived VCaP, MDA PCa 2b, and DUCaP cells in 10% FCS-containing growth medium. Panel (A) displays the results of the treatment of VCaP cells with IGF mAb_(—)1 in 2D cell proliferation assays. IGF mAb_(—)2 was used for the treatment of VCaP cells in (B). Panel C (IGF mAb_(—)1) and D (IGF mAb_(—)2) show the results of MDA PCa 2b cells. The treatment of DUCaP cells with IGF mAb_(—)1 is displayed in panel E and with IGF mAb_(—)2 in panel F. Single agent treatment with IGF mAb_(—)1 and mAb_(—)2 resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation of 70% to 90%. Abiraterone acetate treatment caused inhibition of cell proliferation at higher concentrations which could be enhanced by the combination with either of the antibodies, lowering the doses of AA needed for complete inhibition. In a 3D soft agar cell proliferation assay (G), VCaP cells were treated with abiraterone acetate and IGF mAb_(—)2. Similar to the results observed in 2D, single agent treatment with IGF mAb_(—)2 results in 96% inhibition of cell proliferation. Abiraterone acetate treatment caused inhibition of cell proliferation at higher concentrations which could be enhanced by the combination with IGF mAb_(—)2.

FIG. 3. Protein Analysis in VCaP, MDA PCa 2b and DUCaP Cells Following IGF and AR Signaling Inhibition

FIG. 3 shows the effects of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100, alone and in combination, on IGF-1R, AR and PTEN levels, as well as AKT phosphorylation, in VCaP, MDA PCa 2b and DUCaP cells as assessed by Western blot analyses. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates and treated for 24 hours. (A) Lysates prepared from treated VCaP cells were compared to untreated controls and insensitive PC-3 cells for protein expression of IGF-1R, AR, PTEN and AKT and for phosphorylation of AKT-Ser473. Protein expression and AKT phosphorylation of untreated and treated MDA PCa 2b (B) and DUCaP (C) cells were evaluated and compared to that of VCaP cells. Untreated PC-3 cells served as a control. Importantly, VCaP, MDA PCa 2b, and DUCaP cells were shown to express the IGF1-R, AR and PTEN, unlike the insensitive cell line PC-3. MDV-3100 treatment slightly increased AR protein levels which may be due to stabilization of the protein. Concomitantly, IGF-1R levels were slightly decreased upon MDV-3100 treatment. The combination of both agents resulted in a more complete inhibition of AKT phosphorylation than the antibody or MDV-3100 treatment alone.

FIG. 4. IGF Signaling Pathway Inhibition Following Single Agent and Combination Treatment of IGF mAb_(—)1 And MDV-3100.

FIG. 4 demonstrates the effects of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 used as single agents and in combination on IGF-1R levels and AKT phosphorylation in VCaP cells over 120 hours of treatment. VCaP cells were seeded in 6-well plates and treated with MDV-3100 and IGF mAb_(—)1 as single agents or in combination for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Lysates prepared from treated cells were compared to untreated controls for phosphorylation of AKT-Ser473. Combination of both agents resulted in a longer lasting inhibition of AKT phosphorylation than the antibody or MDV-3100 treatments alone.

FIG. 5. Reduced Proliferative Activity of VCaP Cells Following Single Agent And Combination Treatment of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100

Proliferation of VCAP cells was monitored using a H³-thymidine incorporation assay. Treated with 10 μM of MDV-3100 or 1 μM of IGF mAb_(—)1 as single agents for 96 hours reduced proliferative activity by approximately 50%. Combination of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 reduced thymidine incorporation by more than 95% compared to untreated controls.

FIG. 6. Diminished Growth Rate of VCaP Cells Following Single Agent and Combination Treatment of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100

(A) Effect of 1 μM of IGF mAb_(—)1 and 10 μM of MDV-3100 used as single agents and in combination on cell morphology and cell growth as observed in microscopic analyses. (B) Effect of 10 μM of MDV-3100 on the generation time of VCaP cells compared to untreated controls.

FIG. 7. Combination Treatment of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 Increases Induction of Apoptosis in VCaP Cells

Caspase 3 activity was used as a measure of the induction of apoptosis in VCaP cells upon treatment with 10 μM of MDV-3100 and 1 μM of mAb as single agents and in combination for up to 96 hours. Whereas MDV-3100 treatment did not induce caspase 3 activity within 96 hours of treatment, an increase in apoptotic events were observed upon treatment with IGF mAb_(—)1. The combination of both agents showed a synergistic effect on the induction of caspase 3 activity, which was approximately 9-fold increased compared to controls and approximately 2.5-fold higher compared to IGF mAb_(—)1 treatment.

FIG. 8. Cell Cycle Profiles of VCaP Cells Treated with MDV-3100 and IGF mAb_(—)1

The cell cycle profiles of VCaP cells after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of treatment with 10 μM of MDV-3100 and 1 μM of mAb as single agents and in combination as determined by propidium iodide staining detected by flow cytometry. The first population to the left is the sub-G1 population representing apoptotic cells, the second population shows the G1/G0 peak, the light grey population shows cells in the S-phase, and the population to the right represents cells in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle. In VCaP cells treated with IGF mAb_(—)1, and to a greater extent in cells treated with the combination of IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 the apoptotic cell population increases with time, whereas in VCaP cells treated with MDV-3100 this population does not change. Instead, MDV-3100 treatment increased the G1/G0 population compared to untreated controls.

FIG. 9. Protein Analysis of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Regulators Following IGF Signaling Inhibition

The effects of the treatment with 10 μM of MDV-3100 and 1 μM of IGF mAb_(—)1 as single agents and in combination on AKT phosphorylation, PARP cleavage, p21, CDK2, Cyclin E, and PCNA levels after 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of treatment where analyzed by Western blot analysis. IGF mAb_(—)1 treatment led to blockade of AKT phosphorylation, and combined IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 treatment increased PARP cleavage and Cyclin E levels while it reduced CDK2 and PCNA levels. MDV-3100 treatment increased p21 levels at 8 and 24 hours.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention pertains to an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate neoplasia, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, and particularly CRPC in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treatment of prostate neoplasia, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, and particularly CRPC comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an IGF receptor antagonist to a patient in need thereof, and additionally administering a therapeutically effective amount of an androgen receptor antagonist to the same patient on the same day, or one, two, three, four, five, six or seven days before or after administration of the IGF receptor antagonist.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the treatment of prostate neoplasia.

By “prostate neoplasia”, the aspects of the invention include where the prostate neoplasia is prostate cancer, including benign and malignant tumours, and particularly castration resistant prostate cancer; and also benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In one aspect, the present invention pertains to an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer after combined androgen blockade. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer treated with antiangiogenic therapy. In another embodiment the prostate cancer has been, or will be, treated with a chemotherapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer treated, or will be treated, with radiation therapy. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer treated, or will be treated, with bone loss therapy, for example denosumab, and hormone ablation.

In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In another embodiment the castration resistant prostate cancer has been, or will be, treated with a chemotherapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the castration resistant prostate cancer has been, or will be, treated with radiation therapy. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer in a pre- or post-docetaxel setting. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after cabazitaxel treatment. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after treatment with androgen synthesis inhibitors, for example abiraterone acetate. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after treatment with androgen receptor antagonists, for example enzalutamide. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after treatment with immune-modulating agents, for example Sipuleucel-T.

In another aspect, the present invention pertains to an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate cancer incombination with an androgen receptor antagonist. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer after combined androgen blockade. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer treated with antiangiogenic therapy. In another embodiment the prostate cancer has been, or will be, treated with a chemotherapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer treated, or will be treated, with radiation therapy. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is prostate cancer treated, or will be treated, with bone loss therapy, for example denosumab, and hormone ablation.

In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer. In another embodiment the castration resistant prostate cancer has been, or will be, treated with a chemotherapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the castration resistant prostate cancer has been, or will be, treated with radiation therapy. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer in a pre- or post-docetaxel setting. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after cabazitaxel treatment. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after treatment with androgen synthesis inhibitors, for example abiraterone acetate. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after treatment with androgen receptor antagonists, for example enzalutamide. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer is castration resistant prostate cancer after treatment with immune-modulating agents, for example Sipuleucel-T.

In another aspect, the present invention pertains to an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In another aspect, the present invention pertains to an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist.

An IGF receptor antagonist within the context of the invention is a compound that interferes with, either directly or indirectly, and reduces or blocks IGF receptor signaling. Preferably, an IGF receptor antagonist is a compound that reduces or blocks binding of IGF ligand to its receptor, or inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the IGF receptor.

In a further embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist of the present invention is an antibody that binds to IGF ligand and thus reduces or prevents binding of the ligand to the receptor. In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an antibody that binds to the IGF-1 receptor and thus reduces or prevents binding of the ligand to the receptor. By blocking receptor-ligand binding, ligand-induced receptor signaling through the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor is reduced or prevented. Such antibodies are generally referred to as neutralizing antibodies. In another aspect, the present invention pertains to an IGF receptor antagonist that neutralizes the growth promoting properties of the insulin-like growth factors, IGF-1 and IGF-2.

The term “antibody” encompasses antibodies, antibody fragments, antibody-like molecules and conjugates with any of the above. Antibodies include, but are not limited to, poly- or monoclonal, chimeric, humanized, human, mono-, bi- or multispecific antibodies. The term “antibody” shall encompass complete immunoglobulins as they are produced by lymphocytes and for example present in blood sera, monoclonal antibodies secreted by hybridoma cell lines, polypeptides produced by recombinant expression in host cells, which have the binding specificity of immunoglobulins or monoclonal antibodies, and molecules which have been derived from such immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies, or polypeptides by further processing while retaining their binding specificity. In particular, the term “antibody” includes complete immunoglobulins comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. In another embodiment, the term encompasses a fragment of an immunoglobulin, like Fab fragments. In another embodiment, the term “antibody” encompasses a polypeptide having one or more variable domains derived from an immunobulin, like single chain antibodies (scFv), single domain antibodies, and the like.

In a further embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist of the invention is an antibody against IGF-1, an antibody against IGF-2, an antibody binding both IGF-1 and IGF-2, an antibody against IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), or an inhibitor of IGF-1R tyrosine kinase activity.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 1 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 2 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 4 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 5 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 6 (LCDR3).

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 11 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 12 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 13 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 14 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 15 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 16 (LCDR3).

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 21 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 22 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 23 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 24 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 25 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 26 (LCDR3).

In another preferred embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 31 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 32 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 33 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 34 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 35 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 36 (LCDR3). An example of an antibody containing these complementary determining regions is designated herein as IGF mAb_(—)1.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 28.

In another preferred embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 37 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 38. An example of an antibody containing these variable regions is designated herein as IGF mAb_(—)1.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 41 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 42.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 43 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 9, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 10.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 20.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 30.

In another preferred embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF ligand antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 40. An example of an antibody containing these heavy and light chains is designated herein as IGF mAb_(—)1.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is an IGF receptor antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 46.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is figitumumab, dalotuzumab, cixutumumab, robatumumab, or ganitumab.

In another embodiment, the IGF receptor antagonist is linsitinib.

Preferably the IGF receptor antagonist is IGF mAb_(—)1, as defined above. Manufacture and therapeutic use of the aforementioned antibodies is disclosed in WO2002/53596, WO2007/070432, WO2008/152422, WO2008/155387, and WO2010/066868.

In one embodiment, the antibody is produced by recombinant expression in a mammalian host cell, purified by a series of chromatographic and non-chromatographic steps, and formulated in an aqueous buffer composition for parenteral (intravenous) infusion or injection at an antibody concentration of 10 mg/ml, said buffer comprising for example 25 mM Na citrate pH 6, 115 mM NaCl, and 0.02% polysorbate 20. For intravenous infusion, the pharmaceutical composition may be diluted with a physiological solution, e.g. with 0.9% sodium chloride or G5 solution.

The antibody may be administered to the patient at a dose between 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion, e.g. infusion over 1 hour. A typical treatment schedule usually involves administration of the antibody once every week to once every three weeks. For example, a weekly dose could be 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg. Preferably, the antibody is prepared at a concentration of 10 mg/ml of IGF mAb_(—)1. The antibody may preferably be administered to a patient as a 750 mg (up to 1000 mg) total dose by one hour i.v. infusion, to be repeated once a week until disease progression

The IGF receptor antagonist is administered to the patient in combination with administration of an androgen receptor antagonist. “In combination” means that both drugs are administered to the same patient within a certain time frame to achieve a therapeutic effect caused by the combined effects of both modes of action. In one aspect, the androgen receptor antagonist is administered on the same day as the IGF receptor antagonist. In another aspect of the invention, the androgen receptor antagonist is administered one, two, three, four, five, six or seven days before or after administration of the IGF receptor antagonist.

In another embodiment, both active compounds are present within the same pharmaceutical composition. Hence, in another embodiment, the invention pertains to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an IGF receptor antagonist and an androgen receptor antagonist, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

An androgen receptor antagonist (AR antagonist) is a compound that blocks androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Androgen receptor antagonists prevent androgens from expressing their biological effects on responsive tissues. Such compounds may alter the androgen pathway by blocking the respective receptors, competing for binding sites on the receptor, affecting nuclear translocation, DNA binding of the receptor, or affecting androgen production. In the context of the present invention the androgen receptor antagonist can be an anti-androgen, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, a 17 α-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) inhibitor, a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, a corticosteroid, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist, or an estrogen agonist.

In another embodiment, the androgen receptor antagonist is flutamide, nilutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide, ketonazole, abiraterone, abiraterone acetate, orteronel, finasteride, dutasteride, bexlosteride, izonsteride, turosteride, episteride, dexamethasone, prednisone, leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin, histrelin, or estrogen.

In another embodiment, the androgen receptor antagonist is enzalutamide (Tran et al., Science 2009, 324(5928): 787-790.) Enzalutamide can be obtained from, for example, Medivation or Astellas under the name Xtandi®. Enzalutamide is preferably administered as a dosage of 160 mg once daily during each cycle of treatment

In another embodiment, the androgen receptor antagonist is abiraterone, for example in the form of abiraterone acetate (Agarwal et al., Future Oncology 2010, 6(5): 665-679). Abieraterone can be obtained from, for example, Janssen Biotech, Inc.

Manufacture, formulation, and use of the androgen receptor antagonist depends on the actual compound chosen and can be found in the state of the art.

Another embodiment of the invention is an androgen receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with an IGF receptor antagonist. In another embodiment the use of an androgen receptor antagonist in combination with an IGF receptor antagonist is for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In a further embodiment, said androgen receptor antagonist is flutamide, nilutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide, ketonazole, abiraterone acetate, orteronel, finasteride, dutasteride, bexlosteride, izonsteride, turosteride, episteride, dexamethasone, prednisone, leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin, histrelin, or estrogen.

Another embodiment of the invention pertains to a method of treatment of prostate neoplasia comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an IGF receptor antagonist to a patient in need thereof, and additionally administering a therapeutically effective amount of an androgen receptor antagonist to the same patient on the same day, or one, two, three, four, five, six or seven days before or after administration of the IGF receptor antagonist.

By “prostate neoplasia”, this aspect of the invention include where the prostate neoplasia is prostate cancer, including benign and malignant tumours, and particularly castration resistant prostate cancer; and also benign prostatic hyperplasia.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of the IGF or androgen receptor antagonist to be administered is the minimum amount necessary to prevent, ameliorate, or treat a prostate neoplasia, in particular castration-resistant prostate cancer, or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In another embodiment, the invention pertains to the use of an IGF receptor antagonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of prostate neoplasia, wherein the IGF receptor antagonist is to be used in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist.

By “prostate neoplasia”, this aspect of the invention include where the prostate neoplasia is prostate cancer, including benign and malignant tumours, and particularly castration resistant prostate cancer; and also benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In another embodiment, the invention pertains to the use of an androgen receptor antagonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of prostate cancer neoplasia, wherein the androgen receptor antagonist is to be used in combination with an IGF receptor antagonist.

By “prostate neoplasia”, this aspect of the invention include where the prostate neoplasia is prostate cancer, including benign and malignant tumours, and particularly castration resistant prostate cancer; and also benign prostatic hyperplasia.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods

Compounds

IGF mAb_(—)1 is an antibody against IGF ligand having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 40. Its manufacture has been disclosed in WO 2010/066868.

IGF mAb_(—)2 is an antibody against IGF ligand having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 30. Its manufacture has been disclosed in WO 2010/066868.

Cell Culture

DU-145 (ATCC, HTB-81), BM-1604 (DSMZ, ACC 298), PC-3 (ATCC, CRL-1435), 22Rv1 (ATCC, CRL-2505), LNCaP (ATCC, CRL-1740), and DUCaP cells (generated in the lab of Prof K J. Pienta, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Lee Y G et al., In Vivo 2001; 15(2):157-62) were cultivated in RPMI 1640 growth medium (GIBCO, #31870) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS; JRH, #12103), and 2 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO, #25030); NCI-H660 (ATCC, CRL-5813) were grown in RPMI supplemented with 5% FCS, 4 mM L-glutamine, 5 μg/ml insulin, 0.01 mg/mL transferrin, 30 nM sodium selenite, 10 nM beta estradiol and 10 nM hydrocortisone. C4-2 and C4-2b (both licensed from MD Anderson Cancer Center; Thalmann G N et al., Cancer Res. 1994; 54:2577-2581) and VCaP (ATCC, CRL-2876) were cultivated in DMEM (Lonza, #12-604F) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine and R1881 (Sigma, #R0908; VCaP with 0.1 nM and C4-2/C4-2b with 1 nM). MDA-PCa-2b (ATCC, CRL-2422) were grown in F-12K (GIBCO, #21127) supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated FCS, 25 ng/ml cholera toxin, 0.005 mM ethanolamine, 100 pg/ml hydrocortisone, and 45 nM selenious acid. Bob cells (ECACC, #10021102) were cultured in keratinocyte-SFM (Invitrogen, #37010-022) supplemented with prequalified human recombinant epidermal growth factor 1-53, bovine pituitary extract and glutamine, 2 ng/ml leukemia inhibitory factor, 2 ng/ml stem cell factor, 100 ng/ml cholera toxin, and 1 ng/ml granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Shmac 4 (ECACC, #10112302), Shmac 5 (ECACC, #10112303) and P4E6 cells (ECACC, #10112301) were grown in Stemline Keratinocyte Medium II (Sigma, #S0196) with Stemline Keratinocyte Growth Supplement (Sigma, #S9945), 2 mM L-glutamine and 2% FCS. The cells were maintained in 75 cm² tissue culture flasks (Nunc, #178905) at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ in a humidified atmosphere.

2D Cell Proliferation Assay

The following method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of IGF ligand-neutralizing mAbs and androgen signaling inhibitors on the growth of prostate cancer cell lines. Assays were performed in cell growth medium containing 10% serum.

Adherent cells were detached with trypsin/EDTA solution (GIBCO, #043-9031FU), resuspended in growth medium, centrifuged, resuspended in assay medium (supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FCS and 2 mM L-glutamine) and diluted to 5,000-40,000 cells per mL. 100 μL/well cell suspension was added to each well of a sterile flat-bottom white 96-well plate (PerkinElmer, #6005280) and plates were incubated overnight in a humidified incubator set at +37° C. and 5% CO₂. On the next day supernatants were aspirated and 35 μL/well assay medium was added to all wells.

Serial dilutions of IGF mAb_(—)1 and mAb_(—)2 (1 μM highest concentration), MDV-3100 (10 μM highest concentration), abiraterone acetate (100 μM highest concentration) were prepared on a separate plate in assay medium (no growth factors or hormones supplemented). All agents were tested as single agents or in combination. All samples were tested in triplicate wells (100 μL/well assay). Plates were incubated for 5 days in a humidified incubator at +37° C. and 5% CO₂. After this incubation period, CellTiter-Glo buffer, substrate and test plates were equilibrated to RT. CellTiter-Glo is a bioluminescent assay (Promega, #G7571) designed to determine the number of viable cells in culture, in which the generation of a luminescent signal is proportional to the amount of ATP present in cells. 100 μL of freshly mixed CellTiter-Glo reagent was added to each well. After 2 min on an orbital shaker (MTS 2/4, IKA) and 10 min incubation at RT, luminescence was recorded (luminescence reader (Genios Pro, Tecan or Victor X4, Perkin Elmer), integration time 1 sec).

Generation of Cell Lysates and Immunoblotting

One×10⁶ and 4×10⁶ cells were plated in 6-well plates and 10 cm dishes, respectively, in medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FCS and after over night incubation the cells were treated with 1 μM of MDV-3100 and 100 nM of IGF mAb_(—)1 or a combination of antibody and AR signaling inhibitor. After 24 hours the cells were lyzed on the plates, total protein was isolated and protein concentration was determined by Bradford assay. Cell lysates were snap frozen and stored at −80° C.

Western blotting was performed loading 30-50 μg of total protein lysates on a 4-12% Bis-Tris PAG (Bio Rad) and blotting with the Bio Rad Trans-blot® Turbo system using a PVDF membrane. Membranes were incubated over night at 4° C. with antibodies against the following proteins: IGF-1R beta (#3027, Cell Signaling; 1:1000), p-S473 AKT (#4060, Cell Signaling; 1:2000), AKT (#9272, Cell Signaling; 1:1000), PTEN (#9559, Cell Signaling; 1:1000), AR (N-20, # sc-816, Santa Cruz; 1:200), and GAPDH (#7298, Cell Signaling; 1:1000)(which served as loading control). Cell cycle regulators and markers of proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using the following antibodies: p21 Waf1/Cip1 (12D1; #2947, Cell Signaling; 1:1000), CDK2 (78B2; #2546, Cell Signaling; 1:1000), Cyclin E (C-19; sc-198, Santa Cruz; 1:1000), PCNA (#2586, Cell Signaling; 1:2000), and PARP (#9542, Cell Signaling; 1:1000).

Antibody dilutions were prepared in 5% BSA or 5% non-fat dry milk in TBS-0.5% Tween20 (TBS-T). Following washes in TBS-T membranes were incubated with a polyclonal HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (DAKO, #P0448) for 1 hour and after further washes in TBS-T antibody reactivity was detected by means of ECL/Super ECL (GE Healthcare) and exposure on ImageQuant LAS4000. For the detection of total protein levels, membranes incubated with anti-phospho antibodies were stripped in Restore Western Blot Stripping Buffer (Thermo, #21059) for 15-20 min, blocked, and incubated with the antibody against the total protein before the membrane was processed as described above.

Cell Cycle Analysis using Flow Cytometry

4×10⁵ VCaP cells were treated with 1 μM of IGF mAb_(—)1 and 10 of MDV-3100, and the combination of both agents, and incubated in 6-well plates at 37° C. for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Subsequently, the supernatant was transferred to FACS tubes, adherent cells were detached with trypsin and collected in the respective FACS tubes. After centrifugation, the medium was discarded and the cell pellet was fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol for a minimum of 2 h at 4° C. After removing the ethanol entirely, fixed cells were stained with propidium iodide (10 μg/ml; Sigma; P4864-10 mL) in a hypotonic buffer solution (0.1% sodium citrate, 0.1% (v/v) triton X-100, 100 μg/ml DNase-free RNase A) and incubated in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. Cells were analyzed using the Becton Dickinson FACS Canto II Flow cytometer and data was evaluated with the FACS Diva software.

Thymidine Incorporation Assay

VCaP cells were treated with 1 μM of IGF mAb_(—)1 and 10 μM of MDV-3100 and the combination of both agents and incubated as triplicates in flat-bottom 96-well plates for 96 hours at a density of 5×10⁴ cells per well, in the absence of R1881, For the last 24 hours of incubation, ³H-thymidine (0.4 μCi/well; PerkinElmer, NET355001MC) was added. Afterwards, the plates were frozen and incubated at −20° C. for 24 h. For harvesting, the plates were thawed and 40 μL Trypsin was added to each well to detach the cell fragments. The suspension was transferred to filter plates. The plates were then washed three times with distilled water and dried at 60° C. for 3 h. 25 μL per well Microscint were added and the proliferation rate was determined by measuring thymidine incorporation (CPM; counts per minute) using a liquid scintillation counter (1450 Microbeta Wallac Trilux, PerkinElmer).

Analysis of Cellular Doubling Time

3×10⁵ cells/well VCaP cells were seeded in 2 mL cell culture medium per well. 24 hrs post seeding the cell culture medium was removed and replaced with DMEM+10% FCS without R1881. 24 hr following the medium change the pre-treatment wells were harvested and counted with the Beckman Coulter™ Vi-CELL XR 2.03, and 10 μM of MDV-3100 was added to the remaining cells. Four times every 24 hr VCaP cell number was determined in 3 wells for each time point. The mean value was calculated from these triplicates. To determine the generation time, following formula is used:

${\lbrack h\rbrack {generation}\mspace{14mu} {time}} = {{{\frac{\log \; 2 \times {cultivation}\mspace{14mu} {{hours}\lbrack h\rbrack}}{{\log \; N} - {\log \; {No}}}\lbrack h\rbrack}{generation}\mspace{14mu} {time}} = \frac{\log \; 2 \times {cultivation}\mspace{14mu} {{hours}\;\lbrack h\rbrack}}{{\log \; N} - {\log \; {No}}}}$ No = cell  count  at  T 0 N = cell  count  after  cultivation

Assessment of Caspase 3 Activity

To acquire live cell images of cells undergoing caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis upon treatment with different concentrations of MDV-3100, IGF mAb_(—)1, and the combination of both agents, the CellPlayer™ 96-Well Kinetic Caspase-3/7 Reagent (Essen BioScience; #4440) was used. 50000 VCaP cells/100 μl/well were seeded and treated on the next day with the respective concentrations of both agents in growth medium in the absence of R1881. The Caspase-3/7 reagent was diluted to a final concentration of 5 μM in 100 μl per well of growth medium and added to the medium. The plate was placed within a microplate tray into the IncuCyte™ 2011A and 3 images per well were acquired every 4 hours for 7 days using the phase contrast and fluorescence channels.

Example 1 Inhibitory Effect of IGF and AR Signaling Blockade on Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation

In order to test the anti-proliferative effects of the combination of AR and IGF-1/2 inhibition, 10 different prostate cancer cell lines (Bob, C4-2, C-4-2B, DUCaP, MDA PCa 2b, P4E6, PC-3, Shmac 4, Shmac 5, VCaP) were treated with the AR antagonist MDV-3100 and fully human monoclonal antibodies against the IGF ligands (IGF mAb_(—)1 and IGF mAb_(—)2), as single agents and in combination, in 2D cell proliferation assays (Table 1). Three of the tested cell lines (VCaP and DUCaP—both cell lines were derived from the same prostate cancer patient from different sites of metastasis, and MDA PCa 2b) showed single agent anti-proliferative response to both the AR and IGF signaling inhibition alone, and an enhanced effect when combined (FIG. 1).

Example 2 Inhibitory Effect of IGF Signaling and Androgen Synthesis Blockade on Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation

As a second approach to test the combination potential of androgen and IGF signaling inhibition, 8 different prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, BM 1604, DU-145, DUCaP, LNCaP, MDA PCa 2b, PC-3, VCaP) were treated with abiraterone acetate, which selectively inhibits CYP17A and thus de novo synthesis of androgens, alone and in combination with IGF-ligand neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (IGF mAb_(—)1 and IGF mAb_(—)2). The results from these assays also identified VCaP, MDA PCa 2b, and DUCaP cells to be the only cell lines which are responsive to both single agent and combination treatments. Treatment with abiraterone acetate, however, implies autocrine androgen production by the tumor cells for abiraterone acetate to show anti-proliferative effects. This might limit the number of cells sensitive to abiraterone acetate treatment. Results of 2D and 3D proliferation assays for VCaP and 2D assays of MDA PCa 2b and DUCaP cells are shown in FIG. 2. These data suggest that the single agent effects of abiraterone acetate on cell proliferation can be enhanced by the combination with antibodies neutralizing IGF ligands.

Example 3 The Presence of Androgen Receptor and IGF-1R as Well as Expression of PTEN and Wt PIK3CA Characterizes Prostate Cancer Cells Sensitive to the Combination of Androgen and IGF Signaling Inhibitors

FIG. 3 shows signaling protein expression in the VCaP, MDA PCa 2b, and DUCaP cell lines, which are sensitive to AR and IGF signaling inhibition, in comparison to the insensitive cell line PC-3. Cells were treated with MDV-3100 and IGF mAb_(—)1 as single agents, or in combination, for 24 hours and protein lysates were compared to untreated controls for protein expression of IGF-1R, AR, PTEN and AKT, and for phosphorylation of AKT-Ser473. Responsive cell lines expressed wt AR, IGF-1R, and PTEN. These characteristics were not present in PC-3 or the other tested cell lines which did not show an anti-proliferative response to either one of the single agent treatments or the combination of both agents (Table 1).

These results indicate that in the presence of androgen receptor, IGF-1R, and expression of PTEN (and wt PIK3CA), the combination of androgen and IGF signaling inhibitors results in an increased efficacy in blocking prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro.

Example 4 Prolonged AKT Phosphorylation Inhibition Following Combined Treatment of MDV-3100 and IGF mAb_(—)1

The effects of MDV-3100 and IGF ligand mAb (IGF mAb_(—)1) as single agents, and combined treatment, on the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blot from 4 h until 120 h of treatment. The combination of both agents resulted in a more complete and longer lasting inhibition of AKT phosphorylation than the antibody treatment alone (FIG. 4).

Example 5 Combined Treatment with IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 Leads to a Synergistic Effect on Apoptotic Induction in VCaP Cells

In support of the data shown in FIG. 1, results from tritiated thymidine incorporation assays shown in FIG. 5 demonstrates that both MDV-3100 and IGF mAb_(—)1 alone have an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation (approximately 50%), however, the combination of both agents was much more effective. Treatment of VCaP cells with IGF mAb 1 alone led to a modest increase in apoptosis as assessed by phase contrast microscopy (FIG. 6A), caspase 3 activity (FIG. 7), FACS-based cell cycle analysis (FIG. 8), and PARP cleavage (FIG. 9). In contrast, the reduced cell number seen after treatment with MDV-3100 alone (FIG. 6A) was due to prolonged cellular doubling time (FIG. 6B). MDV-3100 did not induce caspase 3 activity (FIG. 7), sub-G1 apoptosis cell population (FIG. 8), or PARP cleavage (FIG. 9). However, when IGF mAb_(—)1 and MDV-3100 were combined a synergistic effect on caspase 3 activity was observed (FIG. 7), in addition to enhanced sub-G1 apoptotic cell population (FIG. 8) and cleaved PARP (FIG. 9).

Example 6 Proposed Study of IGF mAb_(—)1 in Combination with Enzalutamide Introduction

The study proposed here investigates the safety and anti-tumour activity of IGF mAb_(—)1 in combination with enzalutamide, compared to enzalutamide given alone, in CRPC patients

This randomised, open label, study will be conducted to explore the anti-tumour activity and safety profile of the combination of IGF mAb_(—)1 and enzalutamide (Arm A), compared to enzalutamide (Arm B). A tolerability and safety phase Ib will be performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and/or recommended phase II dose, in addition to any safety issues before commencement of the randomised trial.

IGF mAb_(—)1 will be administered weekly in 28 day cycles of treatment by a one hour intravenous infusion at the start of each treatment cycle. Enzalutamide will be administered daily by continuous oral dosing during each treatment cycle.

Background

IGF mAb_(—)1 is a fully human monoclonal antibody (HumAb) of the IgG1 isotype. The Ab binds with high affinity to IGF-1 and IGF-2, and potently neutralizes the proliferative and prosurvival cellular signaling triggered by both proteins.

Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor antagonist that acts on different steps in the androgen receptor signalling pathway. The chemical name is 4-{3-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-sulfanylideneimidazolidin-1-yl}-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide. The molecular weight is 464.44 and molecular formula is C21H16F4N4O2S. Enzalutamide is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

Administration

IGF mAb_(—)1 will be administered weekly in 28 day cycles of treatment, by a one hour intravenous infusion at the start of each treatment cycle. Enzalutamide will be administered daily by continuous oral dosing during each treatment cycle.

Selection of Trial Population

A total of up to approximately 140 patients may be recruited into the study. Approximately 15-18 patients will be entered into the part I tolerability and safety phase of the study to ensure the safety of the combination therapy and determine the part II recommended dose. In part II of the study, 120 patients will be randomised onto one of the two study arms, with 60 patients randomised to each arm (Arm B=60, Arm B=60).

Part I of the study will be performed in 3 or more centres. Part II of the study will be performed in 10 or more centres globally.

A log of all patients included into the study (i.e. having given informed consent) will be maintained in the ISF at the investigational site irrespective of whether they have been treated with investigational drug or not.

Main Diagnosis for Study Entry

Patients to be included in this study must have diagnosed and histologically, or cytologically, confirmed metastatic CRPC and have received and progressed after one line of docetaxol treatment. Patients may, or may not, have received and failed prior abiraterone, or cabazitaxel treatment, in any setting.

Inclusion Criteria

1. The patient has histologically, or cytologically, confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. 2. Male patient aged ≧18 years old. 3. Patients with radiographic evidence of metastatic prostate cancer (stage M1 or D2). Distant metastases evaluable by radionuclide bone scan, CT scan, or MRI within 28 days of start of study treatment. 4. Patients who have disease progression (biochemical, clinical or radiographic) while receiving docetaxel, or within 120 days of completing docetaxel-based chemotherapy and in the opinion of the investigator is unlikely to derive significant benefit from additional docetaxel-based therapy, or was intolerant to therapy with this agent. 5. Patients must have evidence of progressive disease defined as at least one of the following:

-   -   a. Progressive measurable disease: using conventional solid         tumour criteria RECIST 1.1.     -   b. Bone scan progression: at least two new lesions on bone scan.     -   c. Increasing PSA: at least two consecutive rising PSA values         over a reference value (PSA #1) taken at least 1 week apart. A         third PSA (PSA #3) is required to be greater than PSA #2; if         not, a fourth PSA (PSA #4) is required to be greater than PSA         #2.         6. Patients with a PSA ≧2 ng/mL.         7. Patients with prior surgical or medical castration with a         serum testosterone of <50 ng/mL. If the method of castration is         luteinizing hormone releasing level hormone (LHRH) agonists, the         patient must be willing to continue the use of LHRH agonists         during protocol treatment.         8. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG         PS) 0, 1 or 2.         9. Patients have adequate hematologic function (absolute         neutrophil count [ANC]≧1500/uL, hemoglobin ≧9 g/dL, and         platelets ≧100,000/uL).         10. Patients have adequate hepatic function (bilirubin ≦1.5         times the upper limit of normal (ULN)], aspartate transaminase         [AST] and alanine transaminase [ALT]≧3 times the ULN, or ≦5         times the ULN if liver metastases are present).         11. Adequate renal function (creatinine ≦1.5×ULN or calculated         creatinine clearance >40 mL/min).         12. A urinary protein of ≦1+ on dipstick or routine urinalysis         (UA). If urine dipstick or routine analysis indicates ≧2+         proteinuria, then a 24-hour urine must be collected and must         demonstrate <1000 mg of protein in 24 hours to allow         participation in the study.         13. Adequate coagulation function (an international normalized         ratio [INR]≦1.5 and a partial thromboplastin time [PTT]≦5         seconds above the ULN [unless on oral anticoagulant therapy]).         Patients receiving full-dose anticoagulation therapy are         eligible provided they meet all other criteria, are on a stable         dose of oral anticoagulant or low molecular weight heparin         (except warfarin, which is not permitted).         14. Fasting plasma glucose <8.9 mmol/L (<160 mg/dL) or HbA1c         <8.0%.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Patients that have received more than two prior taxane based cytotoxic chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease. Patients who have had a treatment break from docetaxol followed by a second or third docetaxel-based regimen, with subsequent disease progression, are eligible. 2. Patients that have received prior enzalutamide in any setting will not be eligible. 3. Patients who have received abiraterone, or cabazitaxel treatment, within 4 weeks before start of study treatment. 4. Patient that have received prior therapy with mitoxantrone for advanced prostate cancer (prior adjuvant therapy with mitoxantrone is permitted). 5. Patients that have been treated with any of the following within 4 weeks of starting trial medication: chemotherapy, immunotherapy, biological therapies, molecular targeted, hormone therapy, radiotherapy (except in case of localized radiotherapy for analgesic purpose or for lytic lesions at risk of fracture which can then be completed within 2 weeks prior to study treatment). 6. Use of any investigational drug within 4 weeks before start of trial treatment or concomitantly with this trial. 7. Patients that have been treated with strong CYP2C8 inhibitors; strong or moderate CYP3A4 or CYP2C8 inducers; CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index, within 4 weeks of starting the trial. 8. Patients with a history of symptomatic congestive heart failure or has a pre-study echocardiogram or multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) that is ≧10% below the LLN. 9. QTcF prolongation >450 ms or QT prolongation deemed clinically relevant by the investigator (e.g., congenital long QT syndrome). The QTcF will be calculated as the mean of the 3 ECGs taken at screening. 10. Patients with small cell or neuroendocrine tumours. 11. Patients with known or suspected leptomeningeal metastases. 12. Uncontrolled or poorly controlled hypertension. 13. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Patients with a history of diabetes are allowed to participate, provided that their blood glucose is within normal range (fasting <160 mg/dL or below ULN) and that they are on a stable dietary or therapeutic regimen for this condition. 14. Known human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related illness. 15. Patients with epilepsy, seizures, or predisposing factors for seizure as judged by the investigator. 16. Patients unable to comply with the protocol as judged by the investigator. 17. Active alcohol or active drug abuse as judged by the investigator. 18. A history of allergy to human monoclonal antibodies. 19. Prior therapy with agents targeting IGF and/or IGFR pathway. 20. Patients who are sexually active and unwilling to use a medically acceptable method of contraception (e.g. such as implants, injectables, combined oral contraceptives, some intrauterine devices or vasectomized partner for participating females, condoms for participating males) during the trial and for at least three months after end of active therapy. Men unwilling to agree to not donate sperm while on trial drug and up to 6 months following the last dose of trial drug.

Additional Exclusion Criteria for Part II:

21. For patients that are to undergo the optional tumour biopsy, a history of a hereditary bleeding disorder, or clinically relevant major bleeding event in the past 6 months, as judged by the investigator.

Treatments to be Administered Substance: IGF mAb 1 Human Monoclonal Antibody

-   Pharmaceutical form: Liquid formulation -   Source: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG -   Unit strength: 10 mg/ml of IGF mAb_(—)1 supplied in 20 ml vials.     Appropriate dose of IGF mAb_(—)1 will be diluted in physiological     sodium chloride solution (0.9%). -   Duration of use: One hour at the start of each week (Day 1, 8, 15     and 22) of a 28 day cycle of treatment until disease progression or     undue toxicities. Infusion duration may be extended to over one hour     in case of infusion reaction or adverse events. -   Route of administration: Intravenous -   Starting dose: 750 mg (up to 1000 mg) total dose by one hour i.v.     infusion -   Additional information: Dose will be adjusted during part I     tolerability/safety and dose finding phase

Substance: Enzalutamide (Xtandi®)

-   Pharmaceutical form: Liquid-filled soft gelatin capsule -   Source: Astellas -   Unit strength: 40 mg -   Duration of use: 160 mg once daily during each cycle of treatment -   Route of administration: Oral -   Starting dose: 160 mg once daily -   Additional information: Dose will be adjusted during part I     tolerability/safety and dose finding phase from that stated in the     summary of product characteristics (SPC).

Table 1 gives an overview of the mutations, protein expression and effects of androgen and IGF signaling inhibition observed in the 15 different tested prostate cancer cell lines.

TABLE 1 Effect of Effect Effect AR/IGF of AR of IGF signaling AR IGF-1R PTEN PI3K TMPRSS2 signaling signaling inhibition cell line (protein) (protein) (protein) (DNA) fusion inhibition inhibition combination comments 22Rv1 + ~ + mut − + ~ ~ (Q546R) BM-1604 − + ~ wt − − ~ ~ derived from DU-145 Bob − ~ ~ mut − − − − Spontaneously immortalized CRPC (I391H) C 4-2 + + − wt − + − − LNCaP derived cell lines C4-2B + + − wt − + − − (xenograft in castrated mice) DU 145 − + − wt − − ~ − *DUCaP + + + wt ERG + + +++ Isolated from different metastases from same PCa patient as VCaP LNCap.FGC + + − wt − + − − *MDA PCa 2b + + + wt − + + ++ NCI-H660 − ~ − n.d. ERG − n.d. n.d. P4E6 − + ~ wt − − − − PC-3 − + − wt − − − − Shmac4 − + ~ wt − − − − Shmac5 − + ~ wt − − − − *VCaP + + + wt ERG + + +++ Isolated from different metastases from same PCa patient as DUCaP Cell lines labeled with an asterisk represent responsive cell lines expressing wt AR, wt PI3K, PTEN and IGF-1R. Abbreviations: AR = androgen receptor; IGF-1R = Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; mut = mutated; n.d. = not determined; wt = wild type 

1. An insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate neoplasia in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist.
 2. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 1 wherein the prostate neoplasia, is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
 3. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 1 wherein the prostate cancer, is castration resistent prostate cancer.
 4. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 1 which is an antibody against IGF-1, and antibody against IGF-2, an antibody against both IGF-1 and IGF-2, an antibody against IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), or an inhibitor of IGF-1R tyrosine kinase activity.
 5. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 1 which is an antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 1 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 2 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 4 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 5 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 6 (LCDR3), or an antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 11 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 12 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 13 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 14 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 15 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 16 (LCDR3), or an antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 21 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 22 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 23 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 24 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 26 (LCDR3), or an antibody having heavy chain complementary determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 31 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 32 (HCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 33 (HCDR3) and light chain determining regions of SEQ ID NO: 34 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 35 (LCDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 36 (LCDR3), or an antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8, or an antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18), or an antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 28), or an antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 37 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 38), or an antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 41 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 42), or an antibody having a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 43 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 44, or an antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 9, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 10, or an antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 20, or an antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 30, or an antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 40, or an antibody having a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO:
 46. 6. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 5 wherein the antibody has a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a light chain of SEQ ID NO: 40
 7. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 1, wherein the androgen receptor antagonist is an anti-androgen, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, a 17 α-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) inhibitor, a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, a corticosteroid, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist, or an estrogen agonist.
 8. The IGF receptor antagonist of claim 7, wherein the androgen receptor antagonist is flutamide, nilutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide, ketonazole, abiraterone, abiraterone acetate, orteronel, finasteride, dutasteride, bexlosteride, izonsteride, turosteride, episteride, dexamethasone, prednisone, leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin, histrelin, or estrogen.
 9. An androgen receptor antagonist for use in the treatment of prostate neoplasia in combination with an IGF receptor antagonist.
 10. The androgen receptor antagonist of claim 9 which is flutamide, nilutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide, ketonazole, abiraterone, abiraterone acetate, orteronel, finasteride, dutasteride, bexlosteride, izonsteride, turosteride, episteride, dexamethasone, prednisone, leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin, histrelin, or estrogen.
 11. Method of treatment of prostate neoplasia comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an IGF receptor antagonist to a patient in need thereof, and additionally administering a therapeutically effective amount of an androgen receptor antagonist to the same patient within seven days before or after administration of the IGF receptor antagonist.
 12. Use of an IGF receptor antagonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of prostate neoplasia, wherein the IGF receptor antagonist is to be used in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist.
 13. Use of an androgen receptor antagonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of prostate neoplasia, wherein the androgen receptor antagonist is to be used in combination with an IGF receptor antagonist.
 14. Pharmaceutical composition, comprising an IGF receptor antagonist and an androgen receptor antagonist, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 